Protein Skimming in Aquaculture and Aquariology
Protein skimming, or foam fractionation, is a separation process based on the concentration of waterborne compounds at the air/water interface. Widely used...
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The role of biofilm in an MBBR biofilter
In a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR), biological carriers only provide the physical support for water treatment. The actual purification process is carried...
Why Do Nitrifying Bacteria Live in Biofilms?
When bacteria are mentioned, they are often imagined as free-floating microorganisms suspended in water. In reality, this perception is far from accurate....
Biofilm Attachment in an MBBR Biofilter
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBRs) have become a key component of modern Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS), public aquariums, hatcheries, and many...
Modern Aquariology
At the same time, aquarium equipment continued to evolve. Aeration systems became more efficient, the first mechanical filters were introduced, and electric...