Closed-loop phosphorus
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In both aquaculture and professional aquariology, a great deal is said about nitrogen in all its forms: ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, nitrification...
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Protein Skimmer in RAS Aquaculture
The first article showed that foam fractionation is an interfacial separation process. This second part addresses the practical question: how should a...
Protein Skimming in Aquaculture and Aquariology
Protein skimming, or foam fractionation, is a separation process based on the concentration of waterborne compounds at the air/water interface. Widely used...
The role of biofilm in an MBBR biofilter
In a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR), biological carriers only provide the physical support for water treatment. The actual purification process is carried...
Why Do Nitrifying Bacteria Live in Biofilms?
When bacteria are mentioned, they are often imagined as free-floating microorganisms suspended in water. In reality, this perception is far from accurate....